Greg Detre
21/6/00
emotion = state elicited by a reinforcer
motivation = state that signifies how much you�re prepared to work for a reinforcer
emotional states have motivational properties � they share the same reward system
reinforcement association learning � amygdala + OFC
OFC � involved in rapidly relearnign those
subjective feeling/states � map on to certain brain areas
e.g. sweet/sour etc. � produce a taste space (subjective)
multidimensional scaling
if try the same thing with neurons and tastes, neuronal space maps on to subjective space
pleasantness <=> 2� taste cortex
intensity �/span> 1� taste cortex
this must be the case for consciousness to be adaptive, i.e. for its representation to be accurate + helpful
linear relationship
everything we are conscious of, is through language
HOLT = sufficient (i.e. transferable to a computer)
he thinks it�s actually necessary
not actually the simplest thing that�s sufficient
what about emotions that don't fit on the grid
not meant to be orthogonal
only about reinforcement contingencies
emotions <= change in reinforcement contingencies
e.g. loyalty � accepted rule that adhere to a group/individual
if break that, = potential punishers (breaking arm commitment, group might punish you)
2 types of altruism: kin + reciprocal
that�s not true � mutualism, and at least one other!???
(empathic joy + -ve state relief)
embarrassment � exposed socially, -ve reinforcer
(e.g. faux pas) � usually work to avoid them
don't know why difference between shame + embarrassment � contagion
messy + cognitive
lesions of OFC + amygdala � don't care about consequences of action
e.g. car crash victim spends money on sports car
flat of affect
aware but don't care about pain
pain is an emotion � elicited by 1� reinforcer (Jeffrey Gray)
[1� reinforcer states = senseations rather than emotions?]
if the reward is relevant to an internal drive, e.g. taste, then ≠ emotion
but pain comes from external stimulus
pleasure? = reward???
subjective state elicited by a reward
scratch itch till pain, because the rubbing helps
pleasure from pain � abnormal conditioning
running self into ground � opiate release
very few trials with opiate receptor blocks
Morn � naloxone � runners didn't abolish the high
value of emotion = flexibility of instrumental behaviour
any animal that can show arbitrary instrumental behaviour could be said to have emotion
arbitrary �/span> bidirectionality (lift the foot sometimes, other cases put the foot down � not a reflex)
emotions evolved because genes are trying to control behaviour by specifying goals
difference in emotion theory tewen functionalist and phenomenal aspects
Tinbergen � herring gulls
peck orange spot on parent beak to get food
regurgitated � programmed in hardwired responses
qualia � once you have HOT, it would feel like something to be that machine
would be imparsimonious to have a machine which can think about a raw feels goal (which then doesn't feel like anything to the machine)
no function for qualia per se
what�s so special about sodium channels?
stronghorn � summaries uncritical of all the theories
neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala
not destory the fibres of passage
Malhoven et al 1997 � Behav + Brain Sciences 2000 (Rolls)
Zev � subtlety of emotion
LeDoux � processing speed argument doesn't hold
30ms cortical processing, small fraction of 300ms action
Rolls vs Freud
naturalistic fallacy = what is natural is necessarily right
Matt Ridley, The Red Queen, Origins of Virtue
HOLTs require NNs